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Boundless Informant (stylized as BOUNDLESSINFORMANT) is a big data analysis and data visualization tool used by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). It gives NSA managers summaries of the NSA's worldwide data collection activities by counting metadata. The existence of this tool was disclosed by documents leaked by Edward Snowden, who worked at the NSA for the defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. Those disclosed documents were in a direct contradiction to the NSA's assurance to United States Congress that it does not collect any type of data on millions of Americans. == History == Intelligence gathered by the United States government inside the United States or specifically targeting US citizens is legally required to be gathered in compliance with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) and under the authority of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA court).〔Dean, John W. (George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachable; Both Claimed That a President May Violate Congress' Laws to Protect National Security ), FindLaw, December 30, 2005〕〔(The Impeachment of George W. Bush ) by Elizabeth Holtzman, The Nation, January 11, 2006〕〔(Adopted By The House Of Delegates ) ((Archive )), American Bar Association, February 13, 2006〕 NSA global data mining projects have existed for decades, but recent programs of intelligence gathering and analysis that include data gathered from inside the United States such as PRISM were enabled by changes to US surveillance law introduced under President Bush and renewed under President Obama in December 2012. Boundless Informant was first publicly revealed on June 8, 2013, after classified documents about the program were leaked to ''The Guardian''.〔 This report contained a Top Secret heat map produced by the Boundless Informant program summarizing data records from 504 separate DNR and DNI collection sources or SIGADs. In the map, countries that are under surveillance are assigned a color from green to red.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Government: 11 things you need to know about u.s. domestic spying )〕 As this map shows that almost 3 billion data elements from inside the United States were captured by the NSA over a 30-day period ending in March 2013, Snowden stated that this tool was collecting more information on Americans located within the United States than on Russians in Russia.〔Gellman, Barton. "(Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished )." ''Washington Post''. December 23, 2013. Retrieved on February 7, 2014.〕 Snowden stated that he raised concerns with two superiors in the Hawaii regional base of the NSA Threat Operations Center and two superiors in the Technology Directorate of the NSA beginning in October 2012, and therefore that counted as using internal dissent channels in the NSA.〔 Snowden added that coworkers often were "astonished to learn" about this detail and did not wish to know any more about the program, and that until April 2012 he often asked these colleagues "What do you think the public would do if this was on the front page?"〔 Vanee Vines, an NSA spokesperson, stated that "After extensive investigation, including interviews with his former NSA supervisors and co-workers, we have not found any evidence to support Mr. Snowden’s contention that he brought these matters to anyone’s attention."〔 The first publication about Boundless Informant was followed by screenshots from this program showing charts with details about the data that NSA allegedly collected from several European countries between December 10, 2012 and January 8, 2013. These charts were published by a major news outlet from each of these countries: * July 29, 2013: Germany: a big chart about this country, showing more than 552 million telephony and internet data, alongside four smaller charts about The Netherlands, France, Spain and Italy were published by the magazine ''Der Spiegel''.〔(Daten aus Deutschland ), August 5, 2013〕 * October 20, 2013: France: a chart showing almost 70 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper ''Le Monde''. * October 28, 2013: Spain: a chart showing 60 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper ''El Mundo''.〔Glenn Greenwald & German Aranda, (La NSA espió 60 millones de llamadas en España en sólo un mes ), October 28, 2013〕 * November 19, 2013: Norway: a chart showing 33 million telephony metadata was published by the tabloid paper ''Dagbladet''.〔Glenn Greenwald & Arne Halvorsen, (USA overvåket 33 millioner norske mobilsamtaler ), November 19, 2013〕 * December 6, 2013: Italy: a chart showing almost 46 million telephony metadata was published by the tabloid paper ''L'Espresso''.〔Glenn Greenwald & Stefania Maurizi, (Da qui ci spiano gli americani ), December 6, 2013.〕 * February 8, 2014: The Netherlands: a chart showing 1,8 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper ''NRC Handelsblad''.〔Top Level Telecommunications, (BOUNDLESSINFORMANT: metadata collection by Dutch MIVD instead of NSA ), February 8, 2014〕 Initially, these media wrote that the BoundlessInformant charts showed how much phonecalls NSA intercepted from a particular country. A first correction of this interpretation is that the program doesn't count the content of phone calls, but only the metadata thereof (see below). A second correction is about by whom and where these data were collected. On August 5, a week after the publication of a chart from BoundlessInformant in Germany, the German intelligence agency BND said that they collected these data from foreign communications, related to military operations abroad.〔Der Spiegel, (Mass Data: Transfers from Germany Aid US Surveillance ), August 5, 2013〕〔Marcel Rosenbach & Holger Stark, Der NSA Komplex, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2014, p. 235 and 326.〕 A similar statement was made by the Norwegian military intelligence service, after a chart about Norway was published on November 19.〔RT.com, (Norway admits it carried out phone surveillance for NSA ), November 19, 2013.〕 On February 4, 2014, the Dutch government revealed that the 1,8 million metadata in the chart about the Netherlands were not collected by NSA, but instead by the Dutch military intelligence service MIVD, also to support military operations, which almost led to the resignation of the Dutch interior minister.〔Top Level Telecommunications, (Dutch government tried to hide the truth about metadata collection ), February 17, 2014〕 On October 29, 2013, NSA-director Keith B. Alexander declared that accusations in French, Spanish and Italian media about NSA intercepting millions of phone calls from these countries are "completely false". He added that "This is not information that we collected on European citizens. It represents information that we and our NATO allies have collected in defense of our countries and in support of military operations."〔Reuters.com, (NSA chief defends agency amid U.S. spy rift with Europe ), October 29, 2013〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boundless Informant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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